WordPress – Page 3 – computeraxe

Taxonomies Classify and Organize WordPress Posts

WordPress employs categories and tags as built-in taxonomies for posts and pages. Link categories are a taxonomy for the blogroll or links. So, what do we mean by taxonomy?

The term ‘taxonomy’ makes me think back to high school biology class where we learned about Carolus Linnaeus. He was a botanist from the 18th century who devised a classification system for naming species that is still being used in the 21st century. This Linnaean classification system organizes species of plants and animals into hierarchical levels including Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

With respect to biology taxonomy is the naming system used to identify millions of different creatures, both living and extinct. All species are classified according to their characteristics into broad groups containing similar organisms. Each broad group, like a kingdom or class, is subdivided into distinct sets, like family or genus. Being a member of a certain group means that you have certain characteristics in common with other members of the same group. Each organism can then be described according to the groups that it belongs to.

So, a taxonomy is a way to describe, identify, name and classify individual species. If we extend this idea to WordPress, a taxonomy becomes a way to organize and classify blog content.

Assigning a post or a page to a category or giving your article a couple of tags classifies and organizes the content. It helps the reader and search engines, too. Same with the link categories, they help us to organize links into meaningful groups.

Categories can have a hierarchy and can be divided into subcategories, but tags cannot. In describing categories we can use the term ‘parent category’ for a larger category that has been divided into smaller groups or ‘children categories’.

Category hierarchy is useful when presenting information about large groups of things. For example, a site about muscle cars can have the broad categories of Chevrolet, Pontiac and Plymouth. Within the Chevy parent category, there might be subcategories of Chevelle, Camaro and Nova. LeMans and GTO could be child categories of the Pontiac parent category, and the Plymouth parent category might list Barracuda and Road Runner as subcategories. You get the idea.

By filing a post in a child category, it is not automatically a member of the parent category as well, so make sure to tick the parent category if that’s what you want.

Taxonomies are searchable so they are a way to help your site visitors find your information. Choose category names wisely at the start. You can still add or subtract categories as your blog develops, but if possible refrain from changing categories, especially if your permalinks, and therefore the URLs of your posts, use categories. It could be a nightmare to update all those links!

Tags are like keywords that describe a post, so they’re not thought out as part of the site structure like categories should be. Tags don’t have hierarchy and are described as having a freeform and one-dimensional nature. Basically, tags are used to further describe or classify a post or page. The same tag can be assigned to any number of posts or pages in any combination of categories.

Using taxonomies is a means for connecting posts together by relationship or similar characteristics. Grouping similar posts into categories and tagging them will help visitors to navigate and use your site.

But WordPress doesn’t stop there, it lets you to create special taxonomies for any of your sites. Custom taxonomies can be defined for custom post types, posts or pages, and have been around since WordPress version 2.3, but they didn’t gain the full capability for hierarchical structure until WP 3.0.

Interested in creating a new, custom taxonomy for your site? Study the codex examples for registering taxonomies.

Categories, tags and custom taxonomies are enlisted as some of the post meta data. Post meta data includes the information about a post that helps to identify it. Examples of post meta data include the date and time it was published, the author’s name, the categories or tags assigned to the post, and the associated RSS feed.

WordPress Roles and Capabilities Trump User Levels

When someone signs up on a WordPress blog, the default role is as a subscriber. Once a subscriber logs in they can view and edit their profile, which includes things like username, password and contact info, but that’s all they can do. A subscriber can’t write a post, edit a page or upload any files. A site member would need higher privileges to do any of those things.

To handle various levels of user privilege, a system was developed in WordPress that was originally called the User Level System. In this system many capabilities were identified and these capabilities were classified according to the level of authority required or the privileges needed to perform certain tasks.

For example, a higher level of privilege was deemed necessary to edit another writer’s post. Accordingly, a user level that is now called Editor was given a variety of capabilities ranging from edit_others_posts to delete_published_posts. A lower user level, now called Author, was awarded a slimmer set of capabilities and it doesn’t include modifying others’ work.

Make Sure Site Visitors Can Register

To make sure your visitors can sign up to your blog, see the General Settings page under “New User Default Role” for a spin box that has the options of subscriber, administrator, editor, author and contributor. Default role is subscriber.

If you want people to be able to register on your blog, tick the Membership box next to “Anyone can register”, then click on the Save Changes button at the bottom of the page to make it so.

User Levels Supplanted by Roles

WordPress introduced user levels in version 1.5, but quickly replaced them in version 2.0 with Roles and Capabilities. User levels are deprecated since WP 3.0, but we may see them used in older plugins or themes, so it’s worth knowing about them. Basically, higher user levels have more privileges and can write, edit, post, publish and manage more than their lower-level counterparts.

The lowest user level equates with the subscriber role. Subscribers can sign in, see and modify their own profile, and besides that they can read posts and pages and comment.

The highest user level is reserved for the site administrator or blog owner and that would include level_0 up through level_10, the highest user level.

Prior versions of WordPress had 11 levels from level_0 to level_10, with level_0 being the lowest level and least capable, while level_10 users were able to do anything and everything with the WordPress blog.

WordPress defines users as the blog visitors who register and login to the web site. The Administrator is created during installation of the WordPress software. The Admin level has absolute power over all other users being able to add or delete users, edit their writings and promote or demote anyone to a different role.

Roles correspond to the old user level system like so:

Subscriber = level_0
Contributor = level_0, level_1
Author = level_0 to level_2
Editor = level_0 to level_7
Admin = level_0 to level_10

Many blog owners don’t need any special roles as they are the Admin and they control everything with their personal online spaces. Beyond the Admin there is a new level called Super Admin that comes into play when a network of sites needs to be administered. Multisite WordPress installations came into use as user levels were being deprecated, so there is no equivalent user level number for the Super Admin.

Capabilities for Standard Roles

The standard roles in WordPress are Administrator, Editor, Author, Contributor and Subscriber, in order of decreasing privilege.

The Admin user is created when WordPress is installed. Administrators have all capabilities, including the privileges to install, activate, edit and delete plugins, install, delete, edit or switch themes, edit or delete any post or page whether published or private, edit the dashboard, manage users, categories, links, options, comments and files, and import or export parts or all of the WordPress blog.

Editors have fewer privileges than admins, but they have the powers to manage their own and other’s posts. They can edit and delete pages or posts whether they’re published or private. Editors have the capabilities to manage categories, links and comments, and they can upload files. Editors can post code in pages, posts and comments, so make sure you trust your editors because they can post HTML markup or even JavaScript to your blog.

Authors have fewer privileges than editors and they all center around writing posts. Authors can publish, edit and delete the posts they create, even published ones. However, they cannot edit or delete other’s posts. Authors cannot create or alter Pages. They can upload files to add new media, and of course, read and comment on posts.

Contributors have even fewer privileges than authors. Contributors can edit, delete and read their own posts. Posts created by Contributors will be held in moderation for an Editor to approve and publish.

Finally, Subscribers have but two capabilities. They can read posts and they can view and update their own profile.

Modifying and Managing Roles

Several WordPress plugins exist for managing roles and capabilities. The plugins listed here get very high marks at the WordPress Plugin Directory.

Members Plugin

Members plugin is described as an “extensive role and capability management system” that allows you to create, edit and delete roles and capabilities for those roles. Using shortcodes, this plugin lets you control access to your content, including the ability to make the entire site and its RSS feed private.

Role Scoper Plugin

Role Scoper plugin is a complete solution for assigning permissions and roles to specific pages, posts or categories. Independent of WP roles, users of any level can be elevated to read or edit any content. Alternatively, content can be restricted from any user regardless of their WP roles or capabilities.

User Access Manager Plugin

User Access Manager plugin lets you “manage the access to your posts, pages and files”. Reading and editing permissions for pages and posts are assigned via user groups. Registered users are placed into user groups for which appropriate access rights have been created. User groups can supplement or take the place of WP roles for providing or preventing access to pages and posts.

Advanced Access Manager Plugin

Advanced Access Manager plugin is a “powerful and flexible Access Control tool” that supports single and multisite WordPress installations. Roles can be created and capabilities assigned per role. The Dashboard and Admin menu can be filtered to show only the important bits for each role.

User Role Editor Plugin

User Role Editor plugin allows you to create new roles and customize their capabilities. Options include setting the default role for new users, removing capabilities from users, deleting roles no longer needed, and changing capabilities on a per user basis.

Gary’s ultimate guide for assigning user levels to roles and capabilities is most useful for those wanting to modify or create plugins and themes. Many code snippets are shared in this post for assigning capabilities, testing whether a user has a certain capability, and adding new roles and capabilities.

Putting Readable Code in a WordPress Post

Writing about PHP or HTML code in WordPress posts or pages often requires that some actual code is shown on the screen for explanation. If special steps aren’t taken to illustrate the code as text, the result is often not what was intended to be seen because the WordPress engine will interpret the code as actual code, not text about code.

If all you want to do is highlight some text that includes code-related words like filenames, function names or plugin names, use <code></code> around those phrases in your text. Using <code></code> turns text into a monospaced font so that it appears differently in your posts than “normal” text. However, using <code></code> around an HTML tag doesn’t do anything except change the presentation of the tag, so the opening and closing angle brackets are interpreted to enclose an actual HTML tag. The result will be a mess and definitely not what you were hoping to see.

To make WordPress show code in a post without interpreting it, you have to do ONE of three things:

Use special character codes to replace angle brackets of tags.
Use the HTML tag <pre></pre> around the code.
Use a plugin to highlight the code syntax.

1. Special Character Codes

Angle brackets, < or >, are what WordPress uses to identify code, whether it’s HTML, inline styles of CSS, or PHP. Content inside angle brackets is interpreted as code by virtue of placement inside the brackets. Instead of interpreting this code we want WordPress to show the code to the site visitors and we can use special character codes to do that.

Character codes are special sequences of letters or digits that are used to represent textual characters. Every character that we see on the screen, including uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols like <, >, #, $, %, ^, & or *, can be represented by character codes, sometimes called character entities.

Using character codes in posts looks a little strange in the editing panel, but when a browser comes across these codes they are interpreted and their textual equivalent is shown on the screen.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character codes were developed to represent text in electronic devices and they follow a specific format. The format is that each character entity starts with an ampersand and ends with a semi-colon. The codes are a couple to a few letters or numbers. Numbered character codes always have a hash symbol right after the opening ampersand. Some entities can be represented by either numbered or named codes.

Examples of special character codes:

Character name	Character symbol	Character ASCII Code
left angle bracket	<	<
right angle bracket	>	>
ampersand	&	&
dollar sign	$	$
long dash	—	—
short dash	–	–
double quotes	"	"
at sign	@	@

If you need to find a code for language sets other than English, try the unicode site for all the code charts you’ll ever need. There, you can find numeric codes for fun game pieces, like chess, mahjong or checkers, horoscope symbols, smiley faces, weather symbols, music notes, and much more.

Take caution: Just because you can enter a special code to represent a symbol, that doesn’t mean your computer will let you see it. Many operating systems will not have the proper fonts installed to make use of all of these codes, especially if they represent symbols that aren’t on your keyboard. Stick to the ASCII codes as many of the unicodes won’t be seen by your site visitors.

2. HTML tag: <pre>

Perhaps you’d like to show a block of HTML code on your post and have it shown as text. To make sure that your block of code is not interpreted as actual code, wrap it with <pre></pre> tags. The <pre> tag will change the appearance of the code into a monospace font, just like <code> does, but the difference is that <pre> also illustrates the code exactly as it was typed. All text, characters, spaces and line feeds will be reproduced exactly how they were entered. No code will be run when it’s protected inside the opening <pre> and closing </pre> tags.

3. Syntax Highlighter Plugins

A final way to illustrate code in a WordPress post or page is to use a plugin to highlight the code. Several plugins are available for syntax highlighting purposes.

One that I have been using lately is called Crayon Syntax Highlighter. It’s a great plugin that will colorize or highlight code that you wrap with shortcodes. There are lots of options if you want fine control over the color scheme. Themes come with the plugin so you have several choices for making your code look good.

There are two modes where you can highlight code differently using shortcodes, [crayon][/crayon] and [plain][/plain]. Use [plain] shortcodes when the colorized crayon is overkill or when you just want to show a small section of code. Crayon Syntax Highlighter supports a wide range of languages, including HTML, CSS, PHP and JavaScript, for starters.

The colorful [crayon] shortcode is controlled by options where you can pick the colors that you want for representing different sections or purposes in your code. Inline crayons are supported so you could put a line of code within a line of text and the code would be colorized.

Some other popular code-highlighting plugins include SyntaxHighlighter Evolved, WP-Syntax, and CodeColorer. I don’t have any personal experience with these plugins, but they are listed high in popularity at the WordPress Plugin Directory.

Need to Execute Code in a Post?

If what you’re really after is to put executable code in a post or WordPress Page, check out this post on executing PHP in WordPress blogs.

Loading WordPress with One jQuery

If there are several plugins on your WordPress sites there may be more than one copy of jQuery, or other script, that’s loaded, especially if you’re relying on the same scripts for control of the site theme as well. Only one copy of each script should be loading up. More than that represents wasted bandwidth for you and wasted time for your site visitors.

To control what scripts are used on your site it may be wise to learn how to disable scripts from loading in the first place. Similar methods can be applied to streamline the number of scripts or stylesheets loaded onto your site.

Check out this great tutorial on disabling scripts and styles. Thanks for sharing, Justin!

You’ll need to modify the functions.php file of your theme to remove styles or scripts. The technique is similar in each case.

Find the ‘handle’ of the script that you’d like to remove.
Pass the script handle to wp_deregister_script().
Wrap one or more ‘deregistrations’ in a new function, like my_deregister_javascript() in this example.
Use add_action() with wp_print_scripts method and add your new function to the functions.php file of your theme.

[plain]
function my_deregister_javascript() {
wp_deregister_script(‘jquery-form’);
}
add_action(‘wp_print_scripts’, ‘my_deregister_javascript’);
[/plain]

From the reference on add_action in the WordPress codex we can see that two arguments are required, namely the $tag or handle of the script and the $function_to_add or the function to which the script is hooked. Two optional parameters can be added to the add_action function to specify the $priority or the order in which the functions are executed, and $accepted_args or the number of arguments that the function accepts. Generically,

[plain]
add_action( $tag, $function_to_add, $priority, $accepted_args );
[/plain]

In the example above we’ve used ‘wp_print_scripts’ for $tag and ‘my_deregister_javascript’ for $function_to_add while the optional $priority and $accepted_args were not used. This will hook the new function ‘my_deregister_javascript’ to the action called ‘wp_print_scripts’.

Alternatively, a WordPress plugin could be used to manage the scripts and actions called for on your site. Use Google Libraries is a plugin built to detect the scripts needed for a site to run properly, including all the scripts called for by plugins and the active theme. Scripts are loaded in the proper order taking into account dependencies, whether previously known to WordPress or whether provided by the plugin and theme authors. This plugin uses the content delivery network (CDN) of google to supply the most popular javascript libraries, including jQuery and jQuery UI, among others.